Abstract Background Simulation-based education has become the most important part of resident training in anesthesiology, especially during the pandemic. It allows learning the skills and the management of different situations without putting residents in risk of contamination, considering COVID-19 is highly contagious. The hypothesis was that simulation is still associated with improvement of knowledge acquisitions despite the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Residents of anesthesiology and intensive care subjected to an anaphylaxis simulation scenario. Their knowledge levels were assessed by true/false questions before and one month after the simulation session. The STAI test was used to measure anxiety levels before and after the scenario. Data were analyzed statistically using Wilcoxon and McNemar tests. Results Junior residents (< 2 years) received significantly higher scores in post-training theoretical tests compared to their pre-training scores (79.2 ± 9.6, 84.5 ± 8.2, p = 0.002, n = 21). There was no difference between pre- and post-test scores of seniors (80.2 ± 9, 81.8 ± 10.4, p = 0.3). Pre- and post-anxiety inventory scores were nearly the same and both were in the moderate group (39.8 ± 10.1, 39.3 ± 12.1, p = 0.8). Conclusion Simulation-based education improved the knowledge levels of the residents without raising anxiety levels. Thus, simulation-based training showed its value as an important tool of education during the pandemic, which needs to be further popularized for training at all institutions. Enlightening medical educators about this accomplished teaching method may lead to improved quality of medical education in developing countries and reshape how tomorrow's doctors are trained during pandemics.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e prospectivo foi determinar a eficácia e os efeitos colaterais da administração por via intravenosa ou epidural de morfina, bupivacaína ou ropivacaína no tratamento da dor pós-toracotomia. MÉTODOS: Sessenta pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de toracotomia eletiva foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos com o uso da técnica de envelopes lacrados. Os grupos MIV, ME, MEB e MER receberam morfina controlada pelo paciente por via intravenosa, e morfina, morfina-bupivacaína e morfina- ropivacaína epidural, respectivamente. Frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e saturação de oxigênio perioperatórias e dor pós-operatória em repouso e durante a tosse, efeitos colaterais e necessidade de analgésicos de resgate foram registrados aos 30 e 60 minutos e em duas, quatro, seis, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 72 horas. RESULTADOS: A necessidade de sódio diclofenaco durante o estudo foi menor no grupo ME. A área sob a curva de tempo na VAS foi menor no grupo ME em comparação com o Grupo MIV, mas similar aos Grupos MEB e MER. Os escores de dor em repouso foram maiores nos tempos 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no Grupo MIV em comparação com o Grupo ME. Os escores de dor em repouso foram maiores aos 30 e 60 minutos nos Grupos ME e MIV em comparação com o Grupo MEB. Os escores de dor durante a tosse aos 30 minutos foram maiores no grupo ME em comparação com o Grupo MEB. Não houve diferença entre os Grupos MIV e MER. CONCLUSÕES: Morfina administrada por via epidural foi mais eficaz do que por via intravenosa. A eficácia foi maior no grupo EM no período pós-operatório tardio e no Grupo MEB no período pós-operatório inicial. Concluímos que morfina administrada por via epidural foi a mais eficaz e preferida.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEs: The aim of this randomized, double-blinded, prospective study was to determine the effectiveness and side effects of intravenous or epidural use of morphine, bupivacaine or ropivacaine on post-thoracotomy pain management. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing elective thoracotomy procedure were randomly allocated into 4 groups by the sealed envelope technique. Group IVM, EM, EMB and EMR received patient controlled intravenous morphine, and epidural morphine, morphine-bupivacaine and morphineropivacaine, respectively. Perioperative heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation and postoperative pain at rest and during cough, side effects and rescue analgesic requirements were recorded at the 30th and 60th minutes and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, and 72nd hour. RESULTS: Diclofenac sodium requirement during the study was lower in Group EM. Area under VAS-time curve was lower in Group EM compared to Group IVM, but similar to Group EMB and EMR. Pain scores at rest were higher at the 12, 24, 36, and 48th hour in Group IVM compared to Group EM. Pain scores at rest were higher at the 30th and 60th minutes in Group EM and Group IVM compared to Group EMB. Pain scores during cough at the 30th minute were higher in Group EM compared to Group EMB. There was no difference between Group IVM and Group EMR. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine used at the epidural route was found more effective than the intravenous route. While Group EM was more effective in the late period of postoperative, Group EMB was more effective in the early period. We concluded that epidural morphine was the most effective and preferred one.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio aleatorio, doble ciego y prospectivo fue determinar la eficacia y los efectos colaterales de la administración por vía intravenosa o epidural de morfina, bupivacaína o ropivacaína en el tratamiento del dolor pos toracotomía. MÉTODOS: Sesenta pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de toracotomía electiva fueron aleatoriamente ubicados en cuatro grupos con el uso de la técnica de sobres lacrados. Los grupos MIV, ME, MEB y MER recibieron morfina controlada por el paciente por vía intravenosa, epidural, morfina-bupivacaína y morfina-ropivacaína, respectivamente. La frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial y la saturación de oxígeno perioperatorias y el dolor postoperatorio en reposo y durante la tos, los efectos colaterales y la necesidad de analgésicos de rescate fueron registrados a los 30 y 60 minutos y las 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 horas. RESULTADOS: La necesidad de sodio diclofenaco durante el estudio fue menor en el grupo ME. El área bajo la curva de tiempo en la VAS fue menor en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MIV, pero similar al Grupo MEB y MER. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores en los tiempos 12, 24, 36 y 48 horas en el Grupo MIV en comparación con el grupo ME. Las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo fueron mayores a los 30 y 60 minutos en los Grupos ME y MIV en comparación con el Grupo MEB. Las puntuaciones de dolor durante la tos a los 30 minutos fueron mayores en el grupo ME en comparación con el Grupo MEB. No hubo diferencia entre los Grupos MIV y MER. CONCLUSIONES: La morfina administrada por vía epidural fue más eficaz que por la vía intravenosa. La eficacia fue mayor en el grupo EM en el período postoperatorio tardío y en el Grupo MEB en el período postoperatorio inicial. Concluimos entonces que la morfina administrada por vía epidural fue la más eficaz y nuestra preferida.